General
*******


Introduction
============

Bumblebee utilizes kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to model the opto-
electronic properties of OLED stacks. The transport of the electrons
through the device is described stochastically in order to determine
the time-evolution and space-dependence of excitonic processes.

[image]

Input parameters for the OLED materials can be obtained using:

* The built-in materials database

* The AMS OLED Workflow

* Quantum-chemical simulations with ADF

* Experimental data


Features
========

Bumblebee is capable of simulating OLED stacks containing numerous
layers comprised of both pure and composite materials.

* An extensive array of excitonic interactions can be included to
  describe the opto-electronic character

* Device degradation can be modeled to estimate stack lifetimes

* Photoluminescent absorption allows replication of TRPL, dark-field
  and PV studies

* Optical outcoupling simulations predict emission spectra at the
  device level

* Perform small-signal analysis with AC modulation


Applications
============

Bumblebee is used for the modeling of organic electronics. The module
focuses on describing charge transport through the device, as well as
the conversion between current and light. Various device architectures
are supported:

* Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)

* Organic field-effect transistors (OFET)

* Organic photovoltaics (OPV)

* Organic photodetectors (OPD)

* Organic lasers (OLx)

See the Tutorials for more detailed application examples.


Version History
===============


New in AMS2026
--------------

Starting with AMS2026, Bumblebee has been fully integrated with the
other modules and no longer requires a separate installation. The new
**BBinput** and **BBresults** menus in the AMS GUI can be used for
setting up new simulations and analyzing the output data.

Note:

  Bumblebee 2026 can be installed on Windows, MacOS and Linux systems.
  Both local and remote simulations are supported through the AMS GUI.

New features provided with Bumblebee 2026:

* Decay-stimulated degradation processes

* Thermal device degradation

* Capacitance measurements

* Contact defects

* Transient potential distributions for OPV devices

* Optical outcoupling for self-absorbing materials

* General performance improvements


New in AMS2025
--------------

* Exciplexes and CT states

* Charge generation layers

* Support for QLED and QNED

* Thermally-activated ISC/RISC

* Quadrupolar interactions

* Transient signal module, enabling e.g. custom voltage signals or
  pulsed illumination experiments

* Spontaneous orientation polarization (SOP) and giant surface
  potential (GSP) effects
