Self Consistent Field (SCF)

The SCF procedure searches for a self-consistent density. The self-consistent error is the square root of the integral of the squared difference between the input and output density of the cycle operator.

\(\text{err}=\sqrt{\int dx \; (\rho_\text{out}(x)-\rho_\text{in}(x))^2 }\)

When the SCF error is below a certain criterion, controlled by subkey Criterion of block key Convergence, convergence is reached. The default criterion depends on the NumericalQuality key.

Table 7 The default Convergence%Criterion depends on the NumericalQuality and on the number of atoms in the unit cell.

NumericalQuality

Convergence%Criterion

Basic

1e-5 \(\sqrt{N_\text{atoms}}\)

Normal

1e-6 \(\sqrt{N_\text{atoms}}\)

Good

1e-7 \(\sqrt{N_\text{atoms}}\)

VeryGood

1e-8 \(\sqrt{N_\text{atoms}}\)

The default method is the so-called MultiStepper. The MultiStepper is flexible, but somewhat harder to control by the user.

See also

Troubleshooting: SCF does not converge

SCF block

SCF
   Eigenstates Yes/No
   Iterations integer
   Method [DIIS | MultiSecant | MultiStepper]
   Mixing float
   MultiStepperPresetPath string
   PMatrix Yes/No
   PrintAllOccupiedBands Yes/No
   PrintAllVirtualBands Yes/No
   PrintAlwaysBandRanges Yes/No
   Rate float
   VSplit float
End
SCF
Type

Block

Description

Controls technical SCF parameters.

Eigenstates
Type

Bool

Description

The program knows two alternative ways to evaluate the charge density iteratively in the SCF procedure: from the P-matrix, and directly from the squared occupied eigenstates. By default the program actually uses both at least one time and tries to take the most efficient. If present, Eigenstates turns off this comparison and lets the program stick to one method (from the eigenstates).

Iterations
Type

Integer

Default value

300

GUI name

Maximum number of cycles

Description

The maximum number of SCF iterations to be performed.

Method
Type

Multiple Choice

Default value

MultiStepper

Options

[DIIS, MultiSecant, MultiStepper]

Description

Choose the general scheme used to converge the density in the SCF. In case of scf problems one can try the MultiSecant alternative at no extra cost per SCF cycle. For more details see the DIIS and MultiSecantConfig block.

Mixing
Type

Float

Default value

0.075

Description

Initial ‘damping’ parameter in the SCF procedure, for the iterative update of the potential: new potential = old potential + mix (computed potential-old potential). Note: the program automatically adapts Mixing during the SCF iterations, in an attempt to find the optimal mixing value.

MultiStepperPresetPath
Type

String

Default value

DFTB/default2023.inc

Description

Name of file containing a SCFMultiStepper key block. This will be used if no Explicit SCFMultiStepper block is in the input, and Method=MultiStepper. If the path is not absolute, it is relative to $AMSHOME/data/presets/multi_stepper’

PMatrix
Type

Bool

Description

If present, evaluate the charge density from the P-matrix. See also the key Eigenstates.

PrintAllOccupiedBands
Type

Bool

Default value

No

Description

When printing the ranges of the bands, include all occupied ones.

PrintAllVirtualBands
Type

Bool

Default value

No

Description

When printing the ranges of the bands, include all virtual ones.

PrintAlwaysBandRanges
Type

Bool

Default value

No

Description

Normally the ranges of the bands are only printed at the last SCF cycle

Rate
Type

Float

Default value

0.99

Description

Minimum rate of convergence for the SCF procedure. If progress is too slow the program will take measures (such as smearing out occupations around the Fermi level, see key Degenerate of block Convergence) or, if everything seems to fail, it will stop

VSplit
Type

Float

Default value

0.05

Description

To disturb degeneracy of alpha and beta spin MOs the value of this key is added to the beta spin potential at the startup.

Convergence

All options and parameters related to the convergence behavior of the SCF procedure are defined in the Convergence block key. Also the finite temperature distribution is part of this

Convergence
   Criterion float
   CriterionFactor float
   Degenerate string
   ElectronicTemperature float
   InitialDensity [rho | psi | frompot]
   LessDegenerate Yes/No
   ModestCriterion float
   NoDegenerate Yes/No
   NumBoltz integer
   SpinFlip integer_list
   SpinFlipEnabled Yes/No
   SpinFlipRegion string
   StartWithMaxSpin Yes/No
   StartWithMaxSpinForSO Yes/No
End
Convergence
Type

Block

Description

Options and parameters related to the convergence behavior of the SCF procedure.

Criterion
Type

Float

Description

Criterion for termination of the SCF procedure. The default depends on the NumericalQuality and on the number of atoms in the system. Can be used for EngineAutomations

CriterionFactor
Type

Float

Default value

1.0

Description

Multiply Criterion (which depends on system and quality) with this factor. Can be used for EngineAutomations

Degenerate
Type

String

Default value

default

Description

Smooths (slightly) occupation numbers around the Fermi level, so as to insure that nearly-degenerate states get (nearly-) identical occupations. Be aware: In case of problematic SCF convergence the program will turn this key on automatically, unless the key ‘Nodegenerate’ is set in input. The smoothing depends on the argument to this key, which can be considered a ‘degeneration width’. When the argument reads default, the program will use the value 1e-4 a.u. for the energy width.

ElectronicTemperature
Type

Float

Default value

0.0

Unit

Hartree

Description

(KT) Specify this key for a gradient independent electronic temperature

InitialDensity
Type

Multiple Choice

Default value

rho

Options

[rho, psi, frompot]

Description

The SCF is started with a guess of the density. There are the following choices RHO: the sum of atomic density. PSI: construct an initial eigensystem by occupying the atomic orbitals. The guessed eigensystem is orthonormalized, and from this the density is calculated/

LessDegenerate
Type

Bool

Default value

No

Description

If smoothing of occupations over nearly degenerate orbitals is applied (see Degenerate key), then, if this key is set in the input file, the program will limit the smoothing energy range to 1e-4 a.u. as soon as the SCF has converged ‘halfway’, i.e. when the SCF error has decreased to the square root of its convergence criterion.

ModestCriterion
Type

Float

Default value

-1.0

Description

If this is specified band will consider the SCF converged if the error is below this criterion (after using the maximum number of iterations).

NoDegenerate
Type

Bool

Default value

No

Description

This key prevents any internal automatic setting of the key DEGENERATE.

NumBoltz
Type

Integer

Default value

10

Description

The electronic temperature is done with a Riemann Stieltjes numerical integration, between zero and one occupation. This defines the number of points to be used.

SpinFlip
Type

Integer List

GUI name

Flip spin for atoms

Description

List here the atoms for which you want the initial spin polarization to be flipped. This way you can distinguish between ferromagnetic and anti ferromagnetic states. Currently, it is not allowed to give symmetry equivalent atoms a different spin orientation. To achieve that you have to break the symmetry.

SpinFlipEnabled
Type

Bool

Default value

Yes

Description

If set to False, the keys SpinFlip and SpinFlipRegion are ignored. Only useful/convenient when trying to compare in a script the effect of spin flip.

SpinFlipRegion
Type

String

Recurring

True

GUI name

Flip spin for region

Description

Specify here the region for which you want the initial spin polarization to be flipped. This way you can distinguish between ferromagnetic and anti ferromagnetic states. Currently, it is not allowed to give symmetry equivalent atoms a different spin orientation. To achieve that you have to break the symmetry.

StartWithMaxSpin
Type

Bool

Default value

Yes

Description

To break the initial perfect symmetry of up and down densities there are two strategies. One is to occupy the numerical orbitals in a maximum spin configuration. The alternative is to add a constant to the potential. See also Vsplit key.

StartWithMaxSpinForSO
Type

Bool

Default value

No

Description

Same as the StartWithMaxSpin option. In case of spin-orbit band always used to split the potential. Now will use maxspin in case of SpinFlip. With this option it will always do that.

DIIS

The DIIS procedure to obtain the SCF solution depends on several parameters. Default values can be overruled with this block.

DIIS
   Adaptable Yes/No
   CHuge float
   CLarge float
   Condition float
   DiMix float
   DiMixMax float
   DiMixMin float
   NCycleDamp integer
   NVctrx integer
   Variant [DIIS | LISTi | LISTb | LISTd]
End
DIIS
Type

Block

Description

Parameters for the DIIS procedure to obtain the SCF solution

Adaptable
Type

Bool

Default value

Yes

Description

Change automatically the value of dimix during the SCF.

CHuge
Type

Float

Default value

20.0

GUI name

No DIIS (but damping) when coefs >

Description

When the largest coefficient in the DIIS expansion exceeds this value, damping is applied

CLarge
Type

Float

Default value

20.0

GUI name

Reduce DIIS space when coefs >

Description

When the largest DIIS coefficient exceeds this value, the oldest DIIS vector is removed and the procedure re-applied

Condition
Type

Float

Default value

1000000.0

Description

The condition number of the DIIS matrix, the largest eigenvalue divided by the smallest, must not exceed this value. If this value is exceeded, this vector will be removed.

DiMix
Type

Float

Default value

0.2

GUI name

Bias DIIS towards latest vector with

Description

Mixing parameter for the DIIS procedure

DiMixMax
Type

Float

Default value

-1.0

Description

For adaptive diis: A negative value means automatic, see DiMixatnvctrx. If positive it is an absolute upper bound for (adaptive) dimix

DiMixMin
Type

Float

Default value

0.01

Description

An absolute lower bound for adaptive dimix.

NCycleDamp
Type

Integer

Default value

1

GUI name

Do not start DIIS before cycle

Description

Number of initial iterations where damping is applied, before any DIIS is considered

NVctrx
Type

Integer

Default value

20

GUI name

Size of DIIS space

Description

Maximum number of DIIS expansion vectors

Variant
Type

Multiple Choice

Default value

DIIS

Options

[DIIS, LISTi, LISTb, LISTd]

Description

Which variant to use. In case of problematic SCF convergence, first try MultiSecant, and if that does not work the LISTi is the advised method. Note: LIST is computationally more expensive per SCF iteration than DIIS.

Multisecant

For more detais on the multisecant method see ref 1.

MultiSecantConfig
   CMax float
   InitialSigmaN float
   MaxSigmaN float
   MaxVectors integer
   MinSigmaN float
End
MultiSecantConfig
Type

Block

Description

Parameters for the Multi-secant SCF convergence method.

CMax
Type

Float

Default value

20.0

GUI name

Max coeff

Description

Maximum coefficient allowed in expansion

InitialSigmaN
Type

Float

Default value

0.1

GUI name

Initial

Description

This is a lot like a mix factor: bigger means bolder

MaxSigmaN
Type

Float

Default value

0.3

GUI name

Max

Description

Upper bound for the SigmaN parameter

MaxVectors
Type

Integer

Default value

20

GUI name

Number of cycles to use

Description

Maximum number of previous cycles to be used

MinSigmaN
Type

Float

Default value

0.01

GUI name

Min

Description

Lower bound for the SigmaN parameter

MultiStepper

The MultiStepper introduces the concept of alternating between different steppers (methods). Methods are not switched at every SCF cycle, but rather after a sequence of them, called a stint. At the end of a stint it is considered whether it makes sense to try another stepper.

The key component is the Stepper. This wraps the type of the Stepper, say DIIS or SimpleMixing. Another important component is the MixAdapter. A step is controlled by a mix factor \(\sigma\), also often called greed. The next guess density is a linear combination of previous input and output densities

\(\rho^\text{guess}=\sum_i c_{i-1}^N (\rho^\text{in}_i + \sigma(\rho^\text{out}_i-\rho^\text{in}_i))\)

The larger the mix factor the more aggressive the algorithm. Choosing it too small may simply stall the progress and choosing it too large can cause the error to grow. That is why using a MixAdapter is useful. It tries to predict a reasonable mix value, based on the progress of the error and also based on the number of previous iterations \(N\) that can be used without running into numerical problems.

A whole SCFMultiStepper block can be loaded from a file as a preset, and many reside in $AMSHOME/data/presets/multi_stepper. Normal users are not recommended to try to improve the standard preset. Which preset to loaded is controlled by the SCF%MultiStepperPresetPath key, and this may be an absolute path to your own preset.

The the log file (ams.log) shows the active stepper and mix factor.

<Nov22-2022> <15:24:28>  cyc=  0 err=0.00E+00 cpu=  75s ela=  76s
<Nov22-2022> <15:25:26>  cyc=  1 err=4.26E+00 meth=1 nvec= 1 mix=0.0750 cpu=  57s ela=  58s fit=7.06E-02
<Nov22-2022> <15:26:26>  cyc=  2 err=8.33E+00 meth=1 nvec= 2 mix=0.1455 cpu=  59s ela=  60s fit=6.49E-02
<Nov22-2022> <15:27:23>  cyc=  3 err=7.85E+00 meth=1 nvec= 3 mix=0.1499 cpu=  56s ela=  57s fit=6.42E-02
<Nov22-2022> <15:28:24>  cyc=  4 err=7.09E+00 meth=1 nvec= 4 mix=0.1544 cpu=  60s ela=  61s fit=6.37E-02
<Nov22-2022> <15:29:21>  cyc=  5 err=9.49E+00 meth=2 nvec= 1 mix=0.0060 cpu=  57s ela=  57s fit=7.91E-02
<Nov22-2022> <15:30:20>  cyc=  6 err=2.63E+00 meth=2 nvec= 2 mix=0.0062 cpu=  59s ela=  59s fit=7.88E-02
<Nov22-2022> <15:31:18>  cyc=  7 err=3.82E+00 meth=2 nvec= 3 mix=0.0060 cpu=  57s ela=  58s fit=7.84E-02
<Nov22-2022> <15:32:16>  cyc=  8 err=3.53E+00 meth=2 nvec= 4 mix=0.0062 cpu=  58s ela=  58s fit=7.81E-02

From cycle 5 (cyc=5) on the second stepper is tried (meth=2), in this case because the error has grown too much since the start. Furthermore it restarts from the first density, not shown in the log file, using only one older density (nvec=1). Note that the second stepper starts with using a much more conservative mix factor (mix=0.006).

SCF
   SCFMultiStepper
      AlwaysChangeStepper Yes/No
      ErrorGrowthAbortFactor float
      FractionalStepFactor float
      MinStintCyclesForAbort integer
      Stepper header
         AbortSlope float
         DIISStepper
            EDIISAlpha float
            MaxCoefficient float
            MaxVectors integer
            MinVectors integer
            Mix float
         End
         ErrorGrowthAbortFactor float
         ExpectedSlope float
         FractionalStepFactor float
         MaxInitialError float
         MaxIterationNumber integer
         MaxStintNumber integer
         MinInitialError float
         MinIterationNumber integer
         MinStintCyclesForAbort integer
         MinStintNumber integer
         MixAdapter
            ErrorGrowthPanicFactor float
            GrowthFactor float
            MaxMix float
            MinMix float
            NTrialMixFactors integer
            TrialMode [CurrentMixCentered | FullRange]
            Type [Error | Energy | UnpredictedStep | Trial]
         End
         MixStepper
            Mix float
         End
         MultiSecantStepper
            MaxCoefficient float
            MaxVectors integer
            Mix float
            Variant [MSB1 | MSB2 | MSR1 | MSR1s]
         End
         StintLength integer
      End
      StintLength integer
      UsePreviousStintForErrorGrowthAbort Yes/No
   End
End
SCF
SCFMultiStepper
Type

Block

Description

To solve the self-consistent problem multiple steppers can be tried during stints using the ones that give the best progress.

AlwaysChangeStepper
Type

Bool

Default value

No

Description

When the progress is fine there is no reason to change the stepper. In practice this is always set to true, because also the Stepper%ExpectedSlope can be used to achieve similar behavior.

ErrorGrowthAbortFactor
Type

Float

Default value

1000.0

Description

Abort stint when the error grows too much, compared to the error at the start of the stint.

FractionalStepFactor
Type

Float

Default value

-1.0

Description

Multiply the step by this factor. If smaller than zero this is not used.

MinStintCyclesForAbort
Type

Integer

Default value

0

Description

Look at ErrorGrowthAbortFactor only when a number of steps has been completed since the start of the stint. A value of 0 means always.

Stepper
Type

Block

Recurring

True

Description

??

AbortSlope
Type

Float

Default value

100.0

Description

If the slope (at the end of a stint) is larger than this: abort the stepper

DIISStepper
Type

Block

Description

DIIS stepper

EDIISAlpha
Type

Float

Default value

0.01

Description

The extra energy vector is weighed by this factor. .

MaxCoefficient
Type

Float

Default value

20.0

Description

The largest allowed value of the expansion coefficients. If exceed the number of vectors is reduces until the criterion is met.

MaxVectors
Type

Integer

Default value

10

Description

Maximum number of previous densities to be used (size of the history).

MinVectors
Type

Integer

Default value

-1

Description

Try to prevent to make nVectors shrink below this value, by allowing for significantly larger coefficents.

Mix
Type

Float

Default value

0.2

Description

Also known as greed. It determines the amount of output density to be used. May be changed by the MixAdapter.

ErrorGrowthAbortFactor
Type

Float

Default value

-1.0

Description

Abort stint when the error grows too much, compared to the error at the start of the stint. Overides global ErrorGrowthAbortFactor when set to a value > 0

ExpectedSlope
Type

Float

Default value

-100.0

Description

If the slope of the total SCF is better than this keep on going.

FractionalStepFactor
Type

Float

Default value

-1.0

Description

Multiply the step by this factor. If smaller than zero this is not used.

MaxInitialError
Type

Float

Description

Only use the stepper when error is smaller than this.

MaxIterationNumber
Type

Integer

Default value

-1

Description

Stepper will only be active for iterations smaller than this number. (Negative value means: Ignore this option)

MaxStintNumber
Type

Integer

Default value

-1

Description

Stepper will only be active for stints smaller than this number. (Negative value means: Ignore this option)

MinInitialError
Type

Float

Description

Only use the stepper when error is larger than this.

MinIterationNumber
Type

Integer

Default value

-1

Description

Stepper will only be active for iterations larger than this number.

MinStintCyclesForAbort
Type

Integer

Default value

0

Description

Look at ErrorGrowthAbortFactor only when a number of steps has been completed since the start of the stint. A value of 0 means always. Overides global value.

MinStintNumber
Type

Integer

Default value

-1

Description

Stepper will only be active for stints larger than this number.

MixAdapter
Type

Block

Description

Generic mix adapter

ErrorGrowthPanicFactor
Type

Float

Default value

10.0

Description

When the error increases more than this factor, this mix is reduced a lot.

GrowthFactor
Type

Float

Default value

1.1

Description

When the mix is considered too low it is multiplied by this factor. Otherwise it is divided by it.

MaxMix
Type

Float

Default value

0.3

Description

Do not grow the mix above this value.

MinMix
Type

Float

Default value

0.1

Description

Do not shrink the mix below this value.

NTrialMixFactors
Type

Integer

Default value

3

Description

Only used with Type=Trial. Must be an odd number.

TrialMode
Type

Multiple Choice

Default value

CurrentMixCentered

Options

[CurrentMixCentered, FullRange]

Description

How are the NTrialMixFactors chosen?

Type
Type

Multiple Choice

Default value

Error

Options

[Error, Energy, UnpredictedStep, Trial]

Description

Adapt the mix factor based on the observed progress (slope).

MixStepper
Type

Block

Description

Simple mixing stepper, only using the previous (in/out) denstity.

Mix
Type

Float

Default value

0.1

Description

???.

MultiSecantStepper
Type

Block

Description

Multi secant stepper.

MaxCoefficient
Type

Float

Default value

20.0

Description

???.

MaxVectors
Type

Integer

Default value

10

Description

???.

Mix
Type

Float

Default value

0.2

Description

???.

Variant
Type

Multiple Choice

Default value

MSB2

Options

[MSB1, MSB2, MSR1, MSR1s]

Description

There are several version of the Multi secant method.

StintLength
Type

Integer

Description

Override global StintLength.

StintLength
Type

Integer

Default value

10

Description

A stepper is active during a number of SCF cycles, called a stint.

UsePreviousStintForErrorGrowthAbort
Type

Bool

Default value

No

Description

The error is normally checked against the first error of the stint. With this option that will be the one from the previous stint, if performed with the same stepper.

DIRIS

In the DIRIS block, which has the same options as the DIIS block, you can specify the DIIS options to be used in the Dirac subprogram, for numerical single atom calculations, which constructs the radial tables for the NAOs.

1

L. D. Marks and D. R. Luke, Robust mixing for ab initio quantum mechanical calculations, Phys. Rev. B 78, 075114 (2008)